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- <text id=89TT2679>
- <title>
- Oct. 16, 1989: La Dolce Deficit
- </title>
- <history>
- TIME--The Weekly Newsmagazine--1989
- Oct. 16, 1989 The Ivory Trail
- </history>
- <article>
- <source>Time Magazine</source>
- <hdr>
- BUSINESS, Page 58
- La Dolce Deficit
- </hdr><body>
- <p>Untroubled by its debts, Italy sails serenely on
- </p>
- <p>By Robert Ball
- </p>
- <p> Everyone knows how bad the U.S. budget deficit is. How it
- rolls like a tidal wave of red ink over the Administration and
- Congress, undermining the dollar, pushing up interest rates,
- shaking the international monetary system and threatening to put
- future generations of Americans in hock to foreigners forever.
- How, whenever moneymen gather, finance ministers moan, central
- bankers chide, and all stare in horrified fascination. How could
- America get itself into such a mess?
- </p>
- <p> Now imagine a country that regularly runs annual budget
- deficits five times as bad as those of the U.S.; whose fiscal
- policy is so paralyzed by political rivalries that its national
- debt is equal to its gross domestic product (vs. only 50% for
- the U.S.); whose debt problem is so out of hand that interest
- payments alone amount to 8% of GDP. Compared with this, the U.S.
- seems almost a model of fiscal probity.
- </p>
- <p> Such profligacy must bring retribution, one would think.
- Yet Italy goes serenely on, racking up an enviable economic
- record and attracting little international criticism or even
- attention. Perhaps insolvency resides in the eye of the
- beholder, for there can be no doubt about the numbers. Italian
- governments have been abusing their credit cards for 20 years,
- piling debt onto debt. Only once in the past dozen years has the
- annual budget deficit been less than 10% of GDP. By contrast,
- the worst U.S. ratio was 3.8% in 1983; last year it was only
- 1.8%. Moreover, most of Italy's debt is short to medium term,
- subject to volatile interest rates. A 1% rise in short-term
- rates costs the government 7 trillion lire ($5.1 billion)
- annually in extra interest.
- </p>
- <p> The Italian economy, however, ignores the problem. For the
- past six years, its annual growth rate of 3.5% to 4% has been
- one of Europe's highest. Inflation has come down smartly from
- more than 20% in 1980 to 5% last year. The lira has appreciated
- against most other currencies. To be sure, interest rates are
- still in double figures, and unemployment is stuck above 10%,
- but that figure is skewed by a higher jobless rate in the
- backward south; in the thriving north, it is lower. Overall,
- Italy's economic performance is sparkling. How do the Italians
- do it? Is this a real-life film with Marcello Mastroianni as
- governor of the Bank of Italy?
- </p>
- <p> Even sobersided economists accept that there is something
- odd about the Italian experience. A recent scholarly study, The
- Italian Miracle, does smack of the supernatural compared with
- the German miracle, which was 99% hard work. But there are
- rational elements. Italians are great savers, squirreling away
- 15% of income, much of it in government securities. Fully 97%
- of the national debt is funded domestically, and nearly
- two-thirds of the negotiable state debt is in the hands of
- individuals. This mode of saving doubtless owes something to
- exchange controls and preferential tax treatment, but Italians
- have been willing buyers of state paper, thus absorbing the
- burgeoning debt. In this situation, rises in interest rates have
- the perverse effect of stimulating consumption by putting more
- money into people's pockets. Moreover, another part of the
- government's deficit spending directly helps private business
- by shouldering part of employers' social-security contributions,
- thus boosting profits and encouraging investment.
- </p>
- <p> Benign as the experience has been so far in this fiscal
- wonderland, the present Italian government is determined to
- blow the whistle. Prime Minister Giulio Andreotti has framed a
- budget strategy that aims at balancing the books by 1993 through
- a combination of tax increases and spending cuts. Similar
- targets have been set and missed before, but this time a new
- sense of urgency comes from the danger that Italians may start
- sending their savings abroad when capital movements in the
- European Community are freed next year. Bank of Italy Governor
- Carlo Ciampi warns that "a change in the handling of public
- finances is mandatory," because "every delay increases the
- burden on us and on future generations." That's not Mastroianni
- talking.
- </p>
-
- </body></article>
- </text>
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